Hanyu Pinyin - an introduction

It can be quite daunting, attempting to learn Chinese. All those beautifully complicated characters which give you no indication of their pronunciation.

Luckily, the Chinese bright sparks have invented Hanyu Pinyin (or more simply, Pinyin). A wonderful representation of Chinese pronunciation, using the English alphabet. Hurrah!

Unfortunately, you can't rely on it 100%, as there are many cases where the Pinyin could be one of several possible characters, all with entirely different meanings. In essence, you should use Pinyin as an aid to learning, but you'll still have to learn the characters in the long-run.

It's highly recommended to get pronunciation practice with a native speaker, if at all possible. Chinese audio CDs and files are readily available at retailers and on the internet.

In most cases, Pinyin is pronounced as you might expect in English, but with a few notable exceptions, which are detailed below. Normally, one Pinyin syllable equates to one Chinese character.

The initial consonants

Apart from two exceptions ("n" and "ng"), consonants don't appear at the end of Chinese syllables.

b, p, m, f, d, t, n, l, g, j, h and s are pronounced much like in English. The interesting consonants are as follows:

Consonant Pronunciation
j As in "jeep" and "jean"
q Like a "ch" in "cheese" and "cheap"
e.g. "qi" is pronounced like "chee"
x Like an "sh", as in "sheet" or "sheep"
e.g. "xi" is pronounced like "she"
z Like "ds", as in "beds" or "needs"
c Like "ts", as in "meats"
zh Like a cross between "j" and "z", as in "duress". Pronounced with the tip of your tongue curled up a bit
e.g. "zhong" is pronounced like "jong"
ch Similar to English "church", but with the tip of your tongue curled up a bit
sh Similar to English "wish", pronounced with tip of your tongue curled up a bit
r Much like English, but with tongue tip curled up more

The vowels and final consonants

Final Pronunciation Examples
a Like "father" 22370/ma/mamma/ 4862chá/tea/tea plant/
o Like "raw" 3491/peel/to skin/ 10678/Buddha/Buddhism/
e Like "her" 27788/heat/to heat up/fervent/hot (of weather)/warm up/
er Like "arr" 9492ěr/ear/ 9464ér/son/
u Like "shoe" 3786/evening meal/ 6121chù/lead/pull/
ü (or u:) Like the French "tu" 24985nǔ:/female/woman/ 22027lú:/donkey/
i Like in "bee" 7857/to lower (one's head)/to let droop/to hang down/low/to incline/beneath/low/ 15587/odd (Num)/
ai Like in "sky" 25162pāi/to clap/to pat/to beat/to hit/to slap/to take (a picture)/ 19964lái/to come/
ei Like in "day" 10144fēi/to fly/ 29381shéi/who/
ao Like in "now" 4698cāo/rough/coarse (in texture)/ 41588zǎo/early/morning/
ou Like in "owe" 12217gōu/to cancel/to delineate/hook/ 19519kǒu/mouth/(a measure word)/
an Like in "man" 28509sān/three/3/ 18953kān/to look after/to take care of/to watch/to guard/
en Like in "spoken" 4794cén/overflow/rainwater/tearful/ 27836rén/man/person/people/
ang Like in "lung" 1633bāng/to assist/to support/to help/group/gang/party/ 22729máng/busy/
eng Something like trying to say "erng" 25474péng/friend/ 42423zhēng/to steam/
ong Like in "long" 21704lóng/dragon/imperial/Long (a surname)/ 24910nóng/agriculture/
ia Like in "yah" 26494qiā/pick (flowers)/to pinch/ 35830xià/under/second (of two parts)/next (week, etc.)/lower/below/underneath/down(wards)/to decline/to go down/latter/
iao Like in "miaow" 25723piào/bank note/ticket/ 36510xiǎo/small/tiny/few/young/
ie Like in "yeah" 8479diē/to drop/to fall/to tumble/ 21182liè/crack/split/
iou (iu) Like in "yo" 18214jiǔ/wine/liquor/spirits/ 40272yóu/oil/sly/
ian Like in "yen" 23459miàn/fade/side/surface/aspect/top/face/flour/noodles/ 38226yán/salt/
in Like in "sin" 26948qīn/dear/intimate/parent/relation/closely related/ 39721yín/bank/
iang Like in "young" 38597yǎng/oxygen/ 36326xiǎng/to think/to believe/to suppose/to wish/to want/to miss/
ing Like in "English" 33016tīng/listen/hear/obey/ 24845nìng/muddy/
iong Like saying "yong" 27286qióng/exhausted/poor/ 40088yōng/ordinary/to use/
ua Like saying "wah" 12508guā/melon/claw/gourd/squash/ 43798zhuā/beat/
uo Like adding a "w" into "door": "dwoor" 33660tuō/to depend on, to entrust with/ 31933suō/suck/
uai Like in "why" 33817wài/outside/in addition/foreign/external/ 14891huài/bad/evil/rotten/spoiled/
uei Like in "way" 9095duì/couple/pair/to be opposite/to oppose/to face/for/to/correct (answer)/to answer/to reply/to direct (towards sth)/right/ 31116shuǐ/water/river/
uan Like in "one" 22138luán/twins/ 19693kuǎn/section/paragraph/funds/
uen Like in "an" 15369hūn/to marry/marriage/wedding/to take a wife/ 34684wén/language/culture/writing/formal/literary/gentle/
uang Like saying "wong" 15047huáng/(surname)/sulfur/yellow/ 34122wǎng/net/network/
u:e Like combining "you-eh" 41181yuè/moon/month/ 37743xué/learn/study/science/-ology/
u:an Like combining "you-en" 18522juān/angry/sad/ 40943yuán/(dynasty)/dollar/primary/first/
u:n Like in "united" 27709qún/skirt/ 41279yún/(classical) to say/

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